Theories of Global Society - 2200 Words

Theories of Global Society (Essay Sample) Content: NameInstructorCourseDateTheories of Global SocietyIntroductionThis paper evaluates the concepts characterizing global society. Global society has been conceptualized in different, but also competing measures. In the first section, the definition of global society is evaluated. Two definitions of global society (Immanuel Wallerstein's and Gidden's) are evaluated in the first part. This section also illuminates how these definitions have shaped my understanding oft the term global society. The second part discusses the concept of transformation and its relevance to global society.Question TwoGlobalization and the global society have been defined differently by various authors. For instance Immanuel Wallerstein conceptualizes the world in terms of systems the development of global capitalism. According to this view, division between social, political and economic relationships is seen as artificial. Wallerstein sees globalization as the emergence of a unified world syst em that is characterized by socioeconomic relationships of capitalism (Shaw 1). This definition has in the recent past been extended in the cultural dimension of the global system in which Wallerstein sees it as being dominated by stretches between universalism and particularism (sexism and racism).On the other hand, Gidden's sees the current global society as being dominated by knowledge based abstract systems, which dictate human activity, but at the same time enable or constrain one's actions and choices (Shaw 1). Gidden's perception dissociates itself from the notion that increasing integration of systems leads to greater social integration on the international scale. Gidden's definition thus indicates that the crises that stem from the failures and contradictions of the so called abstract systems are lead to greater problems of social integration (Sanjay 2).In line with this, it is essential to view globalization on the account of system and social integration. Global society is a manifestation of increasing system integration at the social-economic relations, as well as, the development of political and cultural institutions. The current global society is fragmented by a host of fractures: class, income and wealth, knowledge and power, culture and lifestyle, gender, nation, ethnicity and race. Even as the world continues to become a global community, there are many obstacles to social integration, which are hard to categorize. This begs the question that should the concept of global society be perceived on the account of factual and not normative sense? In real sense, it is impractical to dissociate the two aspects. This is because even the complex global market relations, as well as, global coordination of production yield common expectations and ideas of social life. In fact, the coordination of communications permits the diffusion of ideas and values which in the long run become increasingly held. In addition, the emergence of global politics is a result of the diffusion of language, ideas and values (Sterling-Folker 13).Having observed these two schools of thought, a global society can be termed as the entire complex of social relations of all humans on the global stage. Global society is not only self-sufficient, but also complete just like any other society. It is a representation of a partial abstraction relative to the natural living world and history of mankind. The current global society does not have needs, is not based on imperatives, and should not be seen to entail a given set of institutions and functions rather. The institutions, systems and social relations characterizing the global society, as well as, its emergence, must be described in the context of historical contingency and discontinuity (Sterling-Folker 13).Global society, when observed from a sociological perspective, is seen to have social relations, but it is essential to note that not all those social relations are defined at the global stage. In ad dition, global society is regarded as the largest society or context of social relations. For a global society to exist, it is important for the established global social relations to be strong (Sterling-Folker 13).The explanation given by Giddens and Wallerstein have shaped the way I perceived global society. Initially, I thought that a global society was a collection of people with shared interest, beliefs and aspirations. I thought that a global society has a single political order and that there are no barriers limiting people's associations from across the globe.However, the two theories described in this paper have broadened my understanding of the term global society. First, I have learnt from Wallerstein's definition that globalization is the emergence of a unified world system that is characterized by socioeconomic relationships of capitalism. Wallerstein's definition has in the recent past been extended in the cultural dimension of the global system in which Wallerstein se es it as being dominated by stretches between universalism and particularism (sexism and racism). It is clear from the current global era that sexism and racism are prevalent. These are aspects of capitalism: those who propagate it use sexism and racism to drive their agendas. While the initial understanding of the term society entails a collection of people with common belief and customs, it is apparent that capitalists do not give a damn of social principles of society. All they need to achieve is success of their agenda under all costs; they take advantage of the global era to achieve their goals.Giddens perceptive is the best definition. Giddens sees the current global society as being dominated by knowledge based abstract systems, which dictate human activity, but at the same time enable or constrain one's actions and choices. Gidden's perception dissociates itself from the notion that increasing integration of systems leads to greater social integration on the international s cale. Gidden's definition view's globalization on the account of system and social integration. Global society is a manifestation of increasing system integration at the social-economic relations, as well as, the development of political and cultural institutions. The current global society is fragmented by a host of fractures: class, income and wealth, knowledge and power, culture and lifestyle, gender, nation, ethnicity and race. This is evident in the current era. Globalization has led to the emergence of social classes. The rich are becoming richer and richer while the poor are getting poorer. Political powerhouses are dictating the global political order at the expense of weaker nations.In summary, this discussion has evaluated two definitions of global society: Gidden's and Wallerstein's. Having observed these two schools of thought, a global society can be termed as the entire complex of social relations of all humans on the global stage. Global society is not only self-suf ficient, but also complete just like any other society. Gidden's exaplanation is better than Wallerstein's. Gidden's definition view's globalization on the account of system and social integration. The current global society is fragmented by a host of fractures: class, income and wealth, knowledge and power, culture and lifestyle, gender, nation, ethnicity and race. This is evident in the current era. Rich nations continue to dictate the political and economic order on the global stage. Wealth and class define the social order. These definitions have broadened my understanding of the term global society.Works CitedSanjay, Seth. Post-Colonial Theory and International Relations. London; Routledge. Print.Shaw, Martin. Global Society and International Relations. Martin Shaw, 2000. Print.Sterling-Folker, Jennifer. Realistic Approaches. Chapter 2. Print.Question threeIn the broadest sense, global society describes the state of the society in the modern age of globalization. In essence, th is stems from international integration following interchange of world views, aspects of culture, ideas and products. There are various concepts that describe the concept of globalization and global society as a whole. Transformation is on the forefront of all concepts as it embodies the whole aspect of global society. Transformation is strongly linked to modernism, whereby global society is realizing advancements in virtually all aspects. At the turn of the 20th C, the world started becoming a global society. Initial barriers that had divided the world into various regions started to disintegrate. To begin with, there was a comprehensive advancement in social connections something that was unattainable in the yester centuries. Secondly, in the current era, the world has a global economic system whereby production and markets are dictated on the global scale (Fulcher 421). In addition, there are evident elements of a global culture and worldwide communications, vibrant global politi cal ideologies, as well as, a possibility of global political action. There are international institutions that are dedicating the world order unlike in the Cold War era.The current trending aspect of globalization on the account of transformation is the decline of nation-state. Nation-state was anchored on the notion that its citizens are within a defined territory, which has its own rules and regulations. The idea of nation-state meant that there was a unified administration that maintained order, collected taxes, and executed laws made by the national government (Fulcher 421). In addition, national governments supposedly act as representatives of their citizens on the international stage anchored on the sovereignty of the nation-state. Thanks to globalization, nation-state is fast losing its autonomy and control. It has become apparent that globalization in its various dimensions undermines the concept of nation-state and consequentl...

Equal Pay And Compensation Discrimination Essay - 1847 Words

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Information System Design in Australian Labs

Question: Discuss about the Case Study for Information System Design in Australian Labs. Answer: Introduction: The study includes the description of implementing the information system in the Australian labs. In addition to that, the analysis of the existing system along with the aspects of the current process that can be improved. Aim: The aim of the report is to provide solutions for improving the current business process in Australian labs. Another aim of the report is to conduct the cost benefit analysis of implementing the information system in Australian system. Objective of the Project: The objective of the report is to create a new system in the organization which will facilitate the process. The Approach to System Development: System Development Approaches: There are two types of system development approaches such as following. Traditional approaches: It is also known as the structured system development. Through following this approach the managers will be able to divide the development of the project in to modules, steps, stages and tasks (Highsmith, 2013). Traditional approach also offers a structure through which the techniques for managing the project successfully can be developed. Object oriented approach: The advantage that the workers can have by building the system by following the OO approach is that the object will be self contained modules in the system. In addition to that, the objects are easy to replace and modify (Larman, 2012). For describing the interface and the development of the interface the manager can make use of the class. A higher level of abstraction can be offered to the project. System Analysis: At first for initiating the system analysis knowing the stakeholder requirements is crucial (Robertson Robertson, 2012). After gathering knowledge of the stake holder requirements the requirement analysis are carried out. An approach of requirement analysis which is problem face analysis is done. Then in the information model analysis the data elements and their behaviors are examined. After that the output of the previous analysis is taken as the input of entity functional analysis. Six Sources of Software: The six sources of the software are as following. Packaged software product Cloud computing In-house development Information technology services firms Open source software Packaged software products. Off the Shelf software: For considering the off the shelf software for the project the manager must make sure that the right equipment must be chosen (Rubython Maiden, 2014). The selection of the software depends on the requirement of the project. For documenting the various activities in the project, off-the-shelf software must be used in the projects. Justification behind choosing the off-the-shelf: The spreadsheets will be used for keeping track of the payments (Gnanasankaran et al., 2013). For writing reports and memos the word processing application will be useful. Systems Requirement: Functional Requirements: The primary purpose of the project is to create a system that will decrease the effort of the staffs and will enhance the capacity of the processes. The automation of most of the process will provide time to managers to concentrate on the core business. Item Requirement Description 1 Registration The function will be incorporated to register new clients in the system. 2 Login The stakeholders will be able to login to the system with the provided id and password. 3 Search 1. The manager will be allowed to search specific staff or client information. 2. The clients will be able to search from several invoices. 4 Logout The session of the stakeholder login will be destroyed. 5 Status The salespersons will be able to see their status. 6 Tracking The organization can answer the can answer where the client request 7 Mail The users will be able to communicate with each other 8 View provided services The managers can gather information of the clients and provided services to those individual clients. 9 Automatic report authentication The reports will be authenticated automatically for giving more time to the managers. 10 Checking and arranging staff schedule The staff schedule will be provided the system will arrange their shifting. Powers will be provided to the managers to overwrite the system specified scheduling. 11 Checking result of test Authorization of checking the result of each test will be provided to the desired staffs along with all the managers. Table 1: Functional Requirements of Australian Labs (Source: Larman, 2012) Nonfunctional Requirements: Item Name Description 1 Security 1. The security to the organizations valuable data. 2. Security to the consumers checkup reports 2 Authorization The authorization is important as it will allow only desired users to access specific information. 3 Storage It will store all the raw data collected from the users as well as the information and business patterns 4 Availability As the service is provided to the consumers 24*7, the system must be able to provide service all the time. Table 2: Non-Functional Requirements of Australian Labs (Source: Chung et al., 2012) Project Cost Benefit Analysis: The financial management and project manager of Australian lab information system project makes use of the cost benefit analysis to justify the implementation of the system (Torritia Ikpeb, 2014). In this analysis the mangers will identify the cost of the system and profit from it. The profit will be examined in terms of five years. Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Net economic benefit $0 $20,000 $35,000 $42,000 $44,000 $50,000 One time cost $105,000 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Recurring cost $0 $35,000 $30,000 $25,000 $22,000 $7,000 Net cash flow $105,000 $55,000 $65,000 $67,000 $66,000 $57,000 Discount factors Discount rate 10% Year Index 0 1 2 3 4 5 Discount factor 1 0.909090909 0.826446281 0.751314801 0.683013455 0.620921323 Discounted flows Cost $105,000 $31,818 $24,793 $18,783 $15,026 $4,346 Benefit $0 $18,182 $28,926 $31,555 $30,053 $31,046 Net $105,000 $50,000 $53,719 $50,338 $45,079 $35,393 Cumulative $105,000 $155,000 $208,719 $259,057 $304,136 $339,529 Net present value $234,528.50 Table 3: Cost benefit Analysis Project Schedule: Project Work Breakdown Structure Figure 1: Work Breakdown Structure (Source: Created by Author) Project Schedule (Gantt chart) Figure 2: Gantt chart for the Project (Source: Created by Author) The tasks as well as deliverable in the project plan are classified by the Work Breakdown Structure. The schedule of the project is prepared from WBS along with identifying critical paths for the activities in project plan (Li et al., 2012). The development of the project schedule is represented by Gantt chart, which is a graphical representation of the activities in project. System Goals The objective of the inventory tracking system is to give the staffs responsibility and minimize the stock outs. It tracks and audits the offers of Australian Labs in general premise (Stair Reynolds, 2013). It likewise results for exactness of inventory systems. It will likely the inventory database up to date. System Requirements The system requirement is to help in the customers query whether the required item is in the stock and the inventory manager views the demand of the items. System Scope The scope of the system is to develop their outdated inventory tracking system in order to develop their daily sales, payment as well as maintenance of the items (Roetzer et al., 2013). It performs the automation of the inventory items in a systematic way. Discussion The project schedule is reasonable, as the goal of the project plan is to finish the project within time as well as budget. It follows all the project guidelines and follows the rules and regulations of the Australian Labs. System Information Requirement Investigation Techniques: Involved stakeholder: Jim Larsen is the main stakeholder in the development of the information system and the head technician in Australian labs. The other stakeholders are inventory manager, system analyst, senior manager, salespersons, project manager, resource manager and customers (Vieru Rivard, 2014). Traditional Investigation Technique: Interview: For collecting the information from the client or the other stake holders it is the best technique. Some specific questions are asked in the interview to get the desired information (Li et al., 2012). This is done periodically, once a month or week, so that the project includes everything that it needs. Questionnaire: A set of predetermined questions are asked in this technique. The users get this question trough electronic medium such as electronic mail (Roetzer et al., 2013). Observation: During the implementation of the system this method is used (Li et al., 2012). Usefulness of the Investigation Technique: Interview: This method provides accurate and complete information about the project requirements and scope. Through conducting interview periodically will provide the project manager to know the little expectations of the client. As the questions and time of the interview is bounded, no useless topics will be discussed (Stair Reynolds, 2013). Irrelevant conversations can guide the project in the wrong way. Questionnaire: It allows the project manger to collect large amount of information within a short span of time. There are differences in the views of the stakeholder (Roetzer et al., 2013). Through this method those differences can be recognized. Observation: As it can be considered as the direct method of gathering information, it is accurate and reliable procedure (Stair Reynolds, 2013). Reflections and Conclusions: The project that the Australian Labs has undertaken is an effective and an efficient one. The onetime investment may seem to be costly but the profit Australian Labs is going to gain from the system is far better. The system will be able to monitor the process of the client request automatically. It will allow the customers know exactly how much time they have to wait to get the reports. As a result the loyalty of the consumers will increase. To create a IS the user and system requirement gathering is a very crucial process. The organization will be able to process its business activates more effectively, efficiently and within less time. References: Chung, L., Nixon, B. A., Yu, E., Mylopoulos, J. (2012).Non-functional requirements in software engineering(Vol. 5). Springer Science Business Media. Gnanasankaran, N., Natarajan, S., Alagarsamy, K., Iyakutti, K. (2013). Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) components in software engineering: The software package SCILAB.International Journal of Computer Technology and Applications,4(1), 68. Highsmith, J. (2013).Adaptive software development: a collaborative approach to managing complex systems. Addison-Wesley. Larman, C. (2012).Applying UML and Patterns: An Introduction to Object Oriented Analysis and Design and Interative Development. Pearson Education India. Larman, C. (2012).Applying UML and Patterns: An Introduction to Object Oriented Analysis and Design and Interative Development. Pearson Education India. Li, X., Xu, X., Wang, J., Yu, H., Wang, X., Yang, H., Huang, L. (2012). A system-level investigation into the mechanisms of Chinese Traditional Medicine: Compound Danshen Formula for cardiovascular disease treatment.PloS one,7(9), e43918. Robertson, S., Robertson, J. (2012).Mastering the requirements process: Getting requirements right. Addison-wesley. Roetzer, A., Diel, R., Kohl, T. A., Rckert, C., Nbel, U., Blom, J., Supply, P. (2013). Whole genome sequencing versus traditional genotyping for investigation of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis outbreak: a longitudinal molecular epidemiological study.PLoS Med,10(2), e1001387. Rubython, A., Maiden, N. (2014). The effect of variability modeling on requirements satisfaction for the configuration and implementation of off-the-shelf software packages. In2014 IEEE 22nd International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE)(pp. 394-401). IEEE. Stair, R., Reynolds, G. (2013).Principles of information systems. Cengage Learning. Torritia, J., Ikpeb, E. (2014). CostBenefit Analysis. Vieru, D., Rivard, S. (2014). Organizational identity challenges in a post-merger context: A case study of an information system implementation project.International Journal of Information Management,34(3), 381-386.